As the amount of time increases since a heparin dose was given, the amount of heparin given also usually decreases. Typically, a dose of 1 milligram is given for every 100 units of heparin that has been ingested if the last heparin dose was given within the last 30 minutes. The amount of protamine sulfate given will generally depend on how long it has been since the patient was injected with heparin. Heparin’s antidote, protamine sulfate, is delivered intravenously (IV). Black stools are also a sign that intestinal bleeding may be occurring. Some of the more visible signs of heparin overdose include unexplained nosebleeds, excessive menstrual bleeding, and blood in the urine. In cases where excessive bleeding is experienced, the antidote for heparin is generally used to stop the drug’s effects and to prevent permanent injury or a bleeding-related fatality from occurring.
These symptoms, however, are still considered to be serious, and patients taking heparin are typically directed to immediately inform their doctor of these adverse effects. Therefore, simply stopping the administration of heparin may be enough to reverse some adverse effects without needing the antidote for heparin. Heparin has a short half-life of about 30 minutes, meaning that once the drug has been administered, it metabolizes quickly and disappears from blood circulation. Side effects such as chills, hair loss, and headaches do occur other adverse effects often associated with heparin include nausea, bruising, and chest pain. The type of heparin side effects experienced indicate if and when the antidote for heparin is administered. When taken after heparin poisoning has been experienced, however, the binding of the two compounds removes the anticoagulant abilities of both drugs.
On its own, the heparin antidote also has a mild anticoagulation effect. The drug is also used to treat cardiac diseases, sudden cardiac arrest, and blood clotting disorders. Heparin is an anti-coagulant, or blood thinner, that is often given to patients prior to cardiac surgical procedures such as a cardiopulmonary bypass in order to prevent blood clots from forming. Protamine sulfate, a compound derived from purified fish sperm, is the antidote for heparin.
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